Here is what appears in Volume 1 Number 3 of the Journal of the Swimming Pool and Spa Industry:

General:

An Introduction to the Journal

The Submission Criterion

Articles:

Charles P. Gerba, Ph.D.

University of Arizona

Peter Gerba

Consultant

Outbreaks Caused by Giardia and Cryptosporidium Associated with Swimming Pools

The most important factor in preventing swimming pool outbreaks is adequate disinfection. Chlorine is the agent universally selected as the swimming pool disinfectant. However, in recent years it has become evident that another means must be utilized for parasites, like Giardia and Cryptosporidium; filtration and chlorination together can provide adequate disinfection, with proper pool management. Outbreaks that were reported are described in this paper, indicating how disinfection was compromised.

John A. Wojtowicz

Chemcon

Swimming Pool Water Balance – Part 3: Factors Affecting Loss of Carbon Dioxide

As part of a study on factors affecting the saturation index of swimming pool water, a computer program was written to simulate the chemistry of swimming pools. One of the key parameters in this program is the rate of carbon dioxide loss. Laboratory tests under static conditions had shown that carbon dioxide is readily lost to the atmosphere resulting in increased pH with time. Because carbon dioxide loss raises pH, it also increases the saturation index, making cloudy water formation, i.e., precipitation of calcium carbonate, more favorable.

J. Que Hales

Pool Chlor

The Post–application Determination of Cement:Aggregate Ratios in Swimming Pool and Spa Plaster

The ratio of cement to aggregate in swimming pool and spa plaster plays an important role in its subsequent strength, durability, texture and appearance. When attempting quality control of the finished product, however, it has been difficult to ascertain that ratio once the swimming pool or spa is already plastered. In an attempt to develop a method for post–application determination of the ratio, two common methods were examined. After applying various methods to known samples of various ratios, the Archimedes (density) method was found to be the most reliable and appropriate. Results of further "blind" testing of experimental samples were in good agreement with the baseline developed by the initial tests.

Michael J. Unhoch and Roy D. Vore, Ph.D.

Zeneca Biocides – Chemical Research and Development Laboratory

Effect of Recreational Water Sanitizers on Swimwear: Comparative Effect of Polyhexamethylene Biguanide and Chlorinated Pool Water on Swimwear

Pool water treatment chemicals and sunlight exposure are two key factors that influence the colorfastness and physical degradation of swimwear fabrics. Two commonly used pool water disinfectants are chlorine and polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB). Polyhexamethylene biguanide is the only non-halogen based sanitizer registered by the EPA for recreational water. PHMB is a stable, highly water soluble, non-oxidizing, cationic polymer that is used in conjunction with hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizer and an alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride as an algicide. The PHMB system has been used to treat swimming pools worldwide for over 15 years. The effects of balanced synthetic pool water, chlorine treated pool water, and PHMB/hydrogen peroxide/quaternary ammonium treated pool water on color and burst strength of three knitted swimwear fabrics were investigated. These three treatments were evaluated in the presence and absence of artificial sunlight. The greatest color change and reduction in burst strength was exhibited by exposure to light with no chemical treatment. Chlorine treated pool water had the greatest effect on color change and reduction in burst strength for the chemical treatments. The PHMB/hydrogen peroxide/quaternary ammonium treated pool water had no greater impact on color change or reduction in burst strength than the balanced synthetic pool water control. As a general rule, swimwear life may be extended by drying in indirect light.

Don Hafer

Perfect Balance Laboratories, Division of Paramount Pool Supply, Inc.

Field Evaluation of a Bi-Polar Oxygen Sanitation System and a Mineral Purification System

The following study is a field evaluation of the Bi–Polar Oxygen Sanitation System (B.O.S.S.) and the Mineral Purification System (DIGSYS), both products of NOGSYS Technologies. The study was commissioned by NOGSYS, who submitted the study for publication in the Journal with the permission of Mr. Hafer.