Here is what appears in the first issue of the Journal of the Swimming
Pool and Spa Industry:
General:
An Introduction to the Journal
Articles:
John Wojtowicz:
Swimming Pool Water Balance - Cyanuric Acid and Alkalinity
Proper water balance is essential not only for a corrosion–free pool but
also for clear water. The calcium carbonate Saturation Index (SI) utilizes the
pH, carbonate alkalinity, and calcium hardness to calculate a measure of the
degree of calcium carbonate saturation of pool water (Langelier, 1936; Larson,
1942; Van Waters, 1964). If the water contains other alkaline substances (e.g.,
cyanurate), the total alkalinity (as typically determined with a test kit) must
be corrected to obtain the actual carbonate alkalinity (Snoeyink, 1980; Stumm,
1981) so that the correct SI will be obtained, otherwise serious corrosion
problems can arise. Part 2 of this article, to appear in a following issue,
discusses the effect of cyanuric acid and other factors on the saturation
index.
Kim Skinner and J. Que Hales:
Dosages for Adjusting Alkalinity
Inaccuracies in currently published swimming pool alkalinity dosage charts
are described, and corrected charts are presented, along with calculations for
verifying the correct values.
C. Brent Cluff, PhD:
Portable Swimming Pool Reverse Osmosis Systems
A standard practice for pool owners is to periodically drain the swimming
pool to reduce calcium and magnesium hardness as well as other water
contaminants. A swimming pool reverse osmosis unit has been developed that can
remove common impurities without replacing the vast majority of the water. The
swimming pool nanofiltration unit takes the impurities from the pool water and
concentrates them into 10–15 % of the water. It then puts the remaining 85–90%
of the water back into the pool. All contaminants are reduced including calcium,
sodium, chloride, sulfates, carbonates, heavy metals, cyanuric acid as well as
dissolved organics. It generally takes one to two days for an average sized
residential pool to reduce the salinity level by 1000 ppm and the calcium level
by 500 ppm or more. (Figures used in this paper assume an average gallon
capacity of 16,000 to 20,000 gallons in an average residential pool.)
The swimming pool reverse osmosis units are built in two size configurations
for use on residential pools. One size is small enough that the customer could
rent one from his swimming pool supply store. He could transport it in his
trunk. It would be no more difficult to use than a carpet washing machine like
those that are rented every day. It would take a small unit 4 to 6 days to do an
average residential pool depending on the initial quality of the water.
Larger units are currently being operated by pool service companies. The
larger units are placed on a trailer. This type of unit can process the water in
an average pool in 1–2 days. The large unit can service from 175 to 350
residential pools per year. In many locations it can produce a water quality
that is better than the potable water used to refill the swimming pool. The unit
not only conserves water (by cleaning the water rather than draining and
refilling the pool...) but also avoids problems associated with draining such as
what to do with the water, how to avoid plaster delamination, or floating the
pool or having the sides cave in (with high ground water tables), etc. The
swimming pool reverse osmosis unit was developed and patented as a result of a
University of Arizona nanofiltration research program which began in 1988.
Existing units as described in this paper have been designed for residential
swimming pool use. Many other configurations are being manufactured for
desalination, effluent treatment, etc. New models, for unique applications or
for larger (commercial) pools are being contemplated and can be discussed with
the manufacturer.
Rip G. Rice, PhD:
Chemistries of Ozone for Municipal Pool and Spa Water Treatment
Ozone generated by ultraviolet (UV) radiation is used in North America for
treating (mostly residential) spa and pool waters almost exclusively, while only
a handful of North American municipal pools and spas are using ozone generated
by corona discharge technology in accordance with well–established German
teachings. On the other hand, several thousand European municipal swimming pools
and spas are using corona discharge-generated ozone today at concentrations
which cannot be generated effectively by UV radiation in quantities sufficient
to perform simultaneous oxidation and disinfection.
To apply ozone efficaciously and cost–effectively for the treatment of
municipal pool and spa waters, an understanding of its chemistry in water is
essential, particularly with respect to those human–supplied contaminants and
chemical additives encountered. The pertinent chemistries of ozone are discussed
in this paper with respect to the major constituents of pools and spas it is
likely to encounter. The numerous technological advantages of ozone generated by
corona discharge versus UV radiation also are discussed, including the use of
ozone to produce hypobromous acid in situ from bromide ion charged to the pool
waters. Several examples of North American municipal swimming pool installations
using ozone according to European teachings are described.
Jon Dongell:
Technical Note: Terminology of Cement Phenomena
Having a common terminology can be critical when comparing research in order
to ensure accurate comparisons between separate data and conclusions. This
technical note shows improper usage of the terms “nodule” and “scaling” and
advocates a change in usage to benefit the industry.
Tom Hickey:
Book Review: Terry Taminen's The Professional Pool Maintenance Manual
Terry Tamminen’s The Professional Pool Maintenance Manual (published
by TAB Books, a division of McGraw–Hill, Inc.) has stirred up quite a
controversy in the industry since its release in late 1994. Many of the
companies whose products or methods are described in the book have stated their
disappointment in its lack of accuracy. When faced with the decision on
selecting a reviewer for the book, the Journal of the Swimming Pool and Spa
Industry choose to select one from the ranks of Mr. Tamminen’s peers – not a
manufacturer or builder but an experienced owner of a small company engaged in
the same segment of the business as Mr. Tamminen – and the review is written
from that perspective. Please note that a review is a statement of opinion, and
is designed to inform the reader of the reviewer’s opinion relative to the
suitability of the book to its stated purpose, and the accuracy (in the opinion
of the reviewer) of the information imparted.