Here is what appears in the first issue of the Journal of the Swimming
Pool and Spa Industry:
General:
An Introduction to the Journal
Articles:
John Wojtowicz:
Swimming Pool Water Balance - Cyanuric Acid and Alkalinity
Proper water balance is essential not only for a corrosion–free
pool but also for clear water. The calcium carbonate Saturation Index (SI)
utilizes the pH, carbonate alkalinity, and calcium hardness to calculate
a measure of the degree of calcium carbonate saturation of pool water (Langelier,
1936; Larson, 1942; Van Waters, 1964). If the water contains other alkaline
substances (e.g., cyanurate), the total alkalinity (as typically determined
with a test kit) must be corrected to obtain the actual carbonate alkalinity
(Snoeyink, 1980; Stumm, 1981) so that the correct SI will be obtained, otherwise
serious corrosion problems can arise. Part 2 of this article, to appear
in a following issue, discusses the effect of cyanuric acid and other factors
on the saturation index.
Kim Skinner and J. Que Hales:
Dosages for Adjusting Alkalinity
Inaccuracies in currently published swimming pool alkalinity dosage
charts are described, and corrected charts are presented, along with calculations
for verifying the correct values.
C. Brent Cluff, PhD:
Portable Swimming Pool Reverse Osmosis Systems
A standard practice for pool owners is to periodically drain the swimming
pool to reduce calcium and magnesium hardness as well as other water contaminants.
A swimming pool reverse osmosis unit has been developed that can remove
common impurities without replacing the vast majority of the water. The
swimming pool nanofiltration unit takes the impurities from the pool water
and concentrates them into 10–15 % of the water. It then puts the remaining
85–90% of the water back into the pool. All contaminants are reduced
including calcium, sodium, chloride, sulfates, carbonates, heavy metals,
cyanuric acid as well as dissolved organics. It generally takes one to two
days for an average sized residential pool to reduce the salinity level
by 1000 ppm and the calcium level by 500 ppm or more. (Figures used in this
paper assume an average gallon capacity of 16,000 to 20,000 gallons in an
average residential pool.)
The swimming pool reverse osmosis units are built in two size configurations
for use on residential pools. One size is small enough that the customer
could rent one from his swimming pool supply store. He could transport it
in his trunk. It would be no more difficult to use than a carpet washing
machine like those that are rented every day. It would take a small unit
4 to 6 days to do an average residential pool depending on the initial quality
of the water.
Larger units are currently being operated by pool service companies.
The larger units are placed on a trailer. This type of unit can process
the water in an average pool in 1–2 days. The large unit can service
from 175 to 350 residential pools per year. In many locations it can produce
a water quality that is better than the potable water used to refill the
swimming pool. The unit not only conserves water (by cleaning the water
rather than draining and refilling the pool...) but also avoids problems
associated with draining such as what to do with the water, how to avoid
plaster delamination, or floating the pool or having the sides cave in (with
high ground water tables), etc. The swimming pool reverse osmosis unit was
developed and patented as a result of a University of Arizona nanofiltration
research program which began in 1988.
Existing units as described in this paper have been designed for residential
swimming pool use. Many other configurations are being manufactured for
desalination, effluent treatment, etc. New models, for unique applications
or for larger (commercial) pools are being contemplated and can be discussed
with the manufacturer.
Rip G. Rice, PhD:
Chemistries of Ozone for Municipal Pool and Spa Water Treatment
Ozone generated by ultraviolet (UV) radiation is used in North America
for treating (mostly residential) spa and pool waters almost exclusively,
while only a handful of North American municipal pools and spas are using
ozone generated by corona discharge technology in accordance with well–established
German teachings. On the other hand, several thousand European municipal
swimming pools and spas are using corona discharge-generated ozone today
at concentrations which cannot be generated effectively by UV radiation
in quantities sufficient to perform simultaneous oxidation and disinfection.
To apply ozone efficaciously and cost–effectively for the treatment
of municipal pool and spa waters, an understanding of its chemistry in water
is essential, particularly with respect to those human–supplied contaminants
and chemical additives encountered. The pertinent chemistries of ozone are
discussed in this paper with respect to the major constituents of pools
and spas it is likely to encounter. The numerous technological advantages
of ozone generated by corona discharge versus UV radiation also are discussed,
including the use of ozone to produce hypobromous acid in situ from bromide
ion charged to the pool waters. Several examples of North American municipal
swimming pool installations using ozone according to European teachings
are described.
Jon Dongell:
Technical Note: Terminology of Cement Phenomena
Having a common terminology can be critical when comparing research
in order to ensure accurate comparisons between separate data and conclusions.
This technical note shows improper usage of the terms “nodule”
and “scaling” and advocates a change in usage to benefit the industry.
Tom Hickey:
Book Review: Terry Taminen's The Professional Pool Maintenance Manual
Terry Tamminen’s The Professional Pool Maintenance Manual
(published by TAB Books, a division of McGraw–Hill, Inc.) has stirred
up quite a controversy in the industry since its release in late 1994. Many
of the companies whose products or methods are described in the book have
stated their disappointment in its lack of accuracy. When faced with the
decision on selecting a reviewer for the book, the Journal of the Swimming
Pool and Spa Industry choose to select one from the ranks of Mr. Tamminen’s
peers – not a manufacturer or builder but an experienced owner of a
small company engaged in the same segment of the business as Mr. Tamminen
– and the review is written from that perspective. Please note that
a review is a statement of opinion, and is designed to inform the reader
of the reviewer’s opinion relative to the suitability of the book to
its stated purpose, and the accuracy (in the opinion of the reviewer) of
the information imparted.
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